Abstract
This study examines how language use on social media drives political polarization in Nigeria. Using a mixed-methods design, it analyses 30,000 Twitter (now X) and Facebook posts alongside interviews and survey data from the country’s six geopolitical zones. Drawing on pragma-discourse analysis, social identity theory, and framing theory, the research shows that linguistic choices on social media are not merely communicative but performative acts that construct identity and power. Quantitative findings reveal that 68% of posts contained polarizing language, including ethnic or religious appeals, war metaphors, derogatory labels, and exclusionary code-switching. These strategies function as tools for in-group solidarity and out-group hostility, reinforced by algorithmic amplification and selective exposure. Qualitative evidence further shows how hashtags such as #ObidientMovement, #BATified, and #Atikulated operate as digital identity markers, transforming political discourse into moral confrontation. The study concludes that linguistic polarization undermines democratic dialogue and public trust by framing politics as moral conflict rather than deliberation. It recommends inclusive communication strategies, culturally sensitive media literacy programs, and transparent platform moderation to reduce linguistic division and foster constructive engagement in Nigeria’s digital democracy.
Keywords: Political polarization; linguistic strategies; social media; discourse analysis; Nigeria; democratic communication
DOI: 10.36349/alqajolls.2025.v01i01.012
author/Bernard, O.N., Bello-Osagie, V., Ibrahim, B. & Bulus, B.
journal/AL-QALAM JLLS 1(1) | December 2025
